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Step 1 - Understand the problem and establish design scope System design interview questions are intentionally left open-ended. To design a well-crafted system, it is critical to ask clarification questions. Candidate: Can you give an example of how a URL shortener work? Interviewer: Assume URL https://www.systeminterview.com/q=chatsystem&c=loggedin&v=v3&l=long is the original URL. Your service creates an alias with shorter length: https://tinyurl.com/y7keocwj. If you click the alias, it redirects you to the original URL. Candidate: What is the traffic volume? Interviewer: 100 million URLs are generated per day. Candidate: How long is the shortened URL? Interviewer: As short as possible. Candidate: What characters are allowed in the shortened URL? Interviewer: Shortened URL can be a combination of numbers (0-9) and characters (a-z, A-Z). Candidate: Can shortened URLs be deleted or updated? Interviewer: For simplicity, let us assume shortened URLs cannot be deleted or updated. Here are the basic use cases: URL shortening: given a long URL => return a much shorter URL URL redirecting: given a shorter URL => redirect to the original URL High availability, scalability, and fault tolerance considerations Back of the envelope estimation Write operation: 100 million URLs are generated per day. Write operation per second: 100 million / 24 /3600 = 1160 Read operation: Assuming ratio of read operation to write operation is 10:1, read operation per second: 1160 * 10 = 11,600 Assuming the URL shortener service will run for 10 years, this means we must support 100 million * 365 * 10 = 365 billion records. Assume average URL length is 100. Storage requirement over 10 years: 365 billion * 100 bytes = 36.5 TB It is important for you to walk through the assumptions and calculations with your interviewer so that both of you are on the same page.